Category Archives: history

Child Executions in the United States

The Supreme Court abolished child executions in 2005 in  Roper V Simmons. It was a 5-4 decision, with Rehnquist, O’Connor, Scalia, and Thomas voting in favor of continuing to execute minors. The United States has executed 22 juveniles since 1976, 13 of them from Texas. There were 29 juvenile offenders on death row in Texas, and 14 in Alabama at the time of the ruling.

5-4 Supreme Court Abolishes Juvenile Execution by Charles Lane Washington Post Staff Writer Wednesday, March 2, 2005

I have been reading about the international outrage that the world feels about the child executions in Muslim countries. It wasn’t so long ago that the United States was doing the exact same thing. It is still terribly wrong – both then and now.

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Darwin Day is coming up on February 12

Darwin will be 200 years old on February 12, 2009. He was born on the same day that Abraham Lincoln was – February 12, 1809. The Royal Mint is commemorating the day with this beautiful British coin that has the famous naturalist looking eye to eye with a chimpanzee.On the edge of the coin, it says “Origin of Species”.

Check out http://www.charlesdarwin.org (which is actually an intelligent design site – pretty sneaky!)

To find events in your area, go to  http://www.darwinday.org/ which is the official site for all things concerning Darwin Day, including how many shopping days are left for this most important birthday.

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The spouse of President Van Buren

2008 First Spouse Series One-Half Ounce Gold Proof Coin Van Buren’s Liberty (X23)

The spouse of President Martin Van Buren  (1837-1841) was even more unmemorable than Rachel Jackson. She was very quiet and sickly and died after having 5 sons in 12 years. She raised them primarily by herself since Martin was never home. She is so unmemorable that Van Buren never mentions her by name in his autobiography. She was very religious and Dutch. She did not like to speak much in English because she had a Dutch accent.  She is the most obscure of the first ladies. She married  her lifelong friend Martin at the age of 24 (a spinster’s age at the time) and died at the age of 35, years before Van Buren became president. She does not make it onto the Gold Van Buren Spouse Coin.  A picture of Queen Liberty is there instead.

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The spouse of Andrew Jackson

2008 First Spouse Series One-Half Ounce Gold Proof Coin Jackson’s Liberty (X21)

The spouse of President Andrew Jackson did not make it on her first spouse gold coin. She is not a memorable person.  She did not live up to the standards of womanhood of a Martha Washington or a Dolly Madison – or even of a Hillary. Her husband won the white house, but by then, Mrs. Jackson’s heart had been busted by the slander and gossip of the election, and she died before Jackson took office. She was buried on Christmas Eve, 1828 and Jackson became president in January 1829.  That is why she is not on the Andrew Jackson First Spouse coin. Jackson said that he could forgive those who had insulted him during the election, but that he could never forgive those who had personally attacked his wife.

The reason for the personal attacks were that Mrs. Jackson married Andrew before she had divorced her first husband, Captain Lewis Robards, who she had married at the age of 17. She says he was jealous of her, and living with him was impossible. He says that she ran off with Andrew Jackson. This happened when she was 24.  Her first husband told her that he had divorced her, so she married Andrew. However the divorce had not actually finalized.

The name of this unmemorable bigamist – Mrs. Jackson was Rachel. But  you can forget that, because it won’t be on the test.

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Abraham Lincoln on War with Mexico

When Abraham Lincoln was the freshman rep. from Illinois, he made a speech about the moral issues involved with the Mexican War. This was Lincoln’s first major speech in 1848. The United States was in the process of taking 500,000 square miles of land from Mexico (Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, California) and Lincoln was under the impression that this was imperialistic. He was against the Mexican War. Here were some of Lincoln’s points:

1. The war was unneccesarily  and unconstitionally started by President Polk.

2. The war was started by people who were working with bad and faulty intelligence and if had decent information, they would not conscientiously approve this war against the Mexicans. 

3. Polk claimed the Mexicans attacked us first on our soil. The United States actually attacked Mexico on Mexican soil. Lincoln says:

    I am now through the whole of the President’s evidence; and it is a singular fact, that if any one should declare the President sent the army into the midst of a settlement of Mexican people, who had never submited, by consent or by force, to the authority of Texas or of the United States, and that there, and thereby, the first blood of the war was shed, there is not one word in all the President has said, which would either admit or deny the declaration.

Lincoln’s argument for what constituted Texas and what constitutes Mexico is interesting, considering what happened in the 1860s. He argues that Texas should consist only of the piece of populated Texas that rebelled from Mexico since:

Any people anywhere, being inclined and having the power, have the right to rise up, and shake off the existing government, and form a new one that suits them better. This is a most valuable,– most sacred right–a right, which we hope and believe, is to liberate the world.

So the piece of Texas that was Mexico, but rebelled (partly because Mexico had anti-slavery laws, which were not enforced in Texas, and also forced the citizenry to be Roman Catholic, but mainly because they spoke English and not Spanish) had every right to do so. However, the part of Texas that was uninhabited by english speakers, did not rebel against Mexican rule, so it was still Mexican.

4. The War has gone on far too long – 20 months, when far less was expected.

The war has gone on some twenty months; for the expenses of which, together with an inconsiderable old score…

At it’s beginning, Genl. Scott was, by this same President, driven into disfavor, if not disgrace, for intimating that peace could not be conquered in less than three or four months.

5. The President has no idea how – after winning the war – how to keep the peace. Lincoln says:

But the other half is already inhabited, as I understand it, tolerably densely for the nature of the country; and all it’s lands, or all that are valuable, already appropriated as private property. How then are we to make any thing out of these lands with this encumbrance on them? or how, remove the encumbrance? I suppose no one will say we should kill the people, or drive them out, or make slaves of them, or even confiscate their property. How then can we make much out of this part of the teritory?

6. Polk is not thinking straight

His (President Polk’s) mind, tasked beyond it’s power, is running hither and thither, like some tortured creature, on a burning surface, finding no position, on which it can settle down, and be at ease.

Here is the speech

This speech is regarded as making some rich points – but having poor timing. The United States soon signed a peace treaty with Mexico, where the US agreed to pay Mexico 15 million dollars in exchange for Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Soon after, in 1849, gold was discovered in California – over 200 million dollars worth of gold.

Abraham Lincoln, maybe partly because of this speech, failed to keep his seat after his freshman term. He later became not a pacifist at all!

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Filed under America, Barack Obama, history, politics, War

Free Author Event in Philadelphia this Thursday

 

Stephen Pimpare

author of A People’s History of Poverty in America ($27.95 New Press)

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Thursday, November 13 – 7pm – Special Event at the Broad Street Ministry, 320 S. Broad Street

A sweeping, revelatory history of poverty in America from the nineteenth century to today, told through the eyes and experiences of the poor themselves. “When you live in a shelter, other people control your life. They tell you when you may come in and when you must go out. They tell you when you can take your shower and when you can wash your clothing.” – from A People’s History of Poverty and Welfare in America In this compulsively readable social history, a brilliant new addition to The New Press’s acclaimed People’s History series, political scientist Stephen Pimpare vividly describes poverty from the perspective of poor and welfare-reliant Americans from the big city to the rural countryside. He focuses on how the poor have created community, secured shelter, and found food and illuminates their battles for dignity and respect. Through prodigious archival research and lucid analysis, Pimpare details the ways in which charity and aid for the poor have been inseparable, more often than not, from the scorn and disapproval of those who would help them. In the rich and often surprising historical testimonies he has collected from the poor in America, Pimpare overturns any simple conclusions about how the poor see themselves or what it feels like to be poor–and he shows clearly that the poor are all too often aware that charity comes with a price. It is that price that Pimpare eloquently questions in this book, reminding us through powerful anecdotes, some heart-wrenching and some surprisingly humorous, that poverty is not simply a moral failure.

Stephen Pimpare is the author of The New Victorians: Poverty, Politics, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages. He teaches American politics and social welfare policy at Yeshiva College and the Wurzweiler School of Social Work.

http://www.robinsbookstore.com/events/111308.html

A People’s History of Poverty in America (New Press People’s Histories)

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Desert Wisdom

In the fourth and fifth century, Christianity was becoming considered “normal” and many Christians decided that the best way to escape “compromise, adaption, and a lukewarm spirituality” to follow the radical call of Christ was to chose “solitude, silence, and prayer” in the desert. Here are some of their sayings and stories of the Desert Fathers and Mothers:

 On seeking God

Abba Sisoes said: Seek God, and not where God lives.

On silence

It was said about Abba Agathon that for three years he carried a pebble in his mouth until he learned to be silent.

On being sane

Abba Anthony said: The time is coming when people will be insane, and when they see someone how is not insane, they will attack that person saying: Your are insane because you are not like us.

On not pinching

Some old men came to see Abba Poemen, and said to him: Tell us, when we see brothers dozing during sacred office, should we pinch them so they will stay awake? The old man said to them: Actually, if I saw a brother sleeping, I would put his head on my knees and let him rest.

On giving everything to the poor

Abba Evagrius said that there was a brother, called Serapion, who didn’t own anything except the Gospel, and this he sold to give the poor. And he said these words, which are worth remembering: I have even sold the very word which you have commanded me: Sell everything and give to the poor.

On staying at the table

Amma Sycletica said: If you happen to live in a community, do not move to another place, for it will harm you greatly. If a bird leaves her eggs, they never hatch. So also the monk and the nun grow cold and dead in faith by going from place to place.

On social justice

One day Abba Arsenius was asking an old Egyptian man for advice about what he was thinking. There was someone who saw this and said to him: Abba Arsenius, why is a person like you, who has such great knowledge of greek and Latin, asking a peasant like this about your thoughts? He replied: Indeed, I have learned the knowledge of Latin and Greek, yet I have not learned even the alphabet of this peasant.

We are all sinners (and an interesting perspective on church discipline)

A brother who had sinned was expelled by the priest from the church. But Abba Bessarion stood up and went out with him, saying: I too am a sinner.

On not wasting time

An old man said: if you have lost gold or silver, you can find something in place of what you lost. However, if you lose time you cannot replace what you lost.

Dogs compared to humans

Abba Xanthias said: A dog is better than I am because it also has love, but it does not pass judgement.

Abba Benjamin’s dying words

As he was dying, Abba Benjamin taught his sons this: Do this, and you will be saved: Rejoice always, pray constantly, and in all circumstances give thanks.

On having a tough soul when being spiritually mentored

Abba Sisoes the Theban said to his disciple: Tell me what you see in me and in turn I will tell you what I see in you. His disciple said to him: You are good in soul, but a little harsh. The old man said to him: You are good but your soul is not tough.

On 401Ks

Isidore of Pelusia said: Prize virtues, and do not care for worldly prosperity. For the former are certainly immortal, but the latter is so easily extinguished.

On Jesus’s teaching on giving

Abba Epiphanus said: God sells righteousness very cheap to those who are eager to buy: namely, for a little piece of bread, worthless clothes, a cup of cold water and one coin.

Actions are better than words

Abba James said: We do not want words alone, for there are too many words among people today. What we need is action, for that is what we are looking for, not words which do not bear fruit.

This is from a book I got from a used bookstore in Oxford England this week:  Desert Wisdom, Sayings from the Desert Fathers, by Yushi Nomura. It has wonderful illustrations for each saying and story  and encourages the reader to let each saying enter deeply into your innermost being.

Desert Wisdom: Sayings from the Desert Fathers

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The W. H. Auden Question

From this month’s Atlantic Monthly (Oct 2008), p 51 The Wars of John McCain by Jeffrey Goldberg, he sites that asking the W.H. Auden Question is a good way to gain insight on someone’s world view. The question is:

Name the first memory of a public event, from their childhood, what they remember that everyone else remembers.

John McCain answer:

“When I was a very small child, I remember this: a guy pulled up in front of our house and said, “Jack, the Japs’ – that’s what they them then - ‘the Japs have bombed Pearl Harbor’. I remember [my father] going upstairs and grabbing some things, and from then on, I only saw him a couple of times until 1945. That’s what I remember”

This happened when McCain was 9.

My first national event memory was I was watching TV and my cartoon was interrupted for a Special News Bulletin. They said that Martin Luther King Jr. had just been assassinated. Being dutiful, I promptly told my mom. I never forgot her reaction to the news. She was very concerned, especially on how people might react to the news (rioting etc.).

What was your first memory of a national event?

(by the way, Gretchen, if your looking for the new Atlantic, I took it with me to read on the train)

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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1978 Harvard Address abridged

Here is a link to  Solzhenitsyn Harvard Address, A World Split Apart. I shortened it, which is very hard to do because it is a great speech. It had a bigger impact on me at the time, as a teenager trying to figure things out, than Star Wars. I never expected western civilization to make it to the twenty first century! I recommend listening and reading the full speech. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn died on August 3 2008.

 

The truth is that the split [in our World Split Apart]  is a much [more] profound [one] and a more alienating one, that the rifts are more than one can see at first glance (the cold war). This deep manifold split bears the danger of manifold disaster for all of us, in accordance with the ancient truth that a kingdom — in this case, our Earth — divided against itself cannot stand.

The WORLD split involves more pieces than Russia and the USA

There is the concept of Third World: thus, we already have three worlds. Undoubtedly, however, the number is even greater; we are just too far away to see. … As a minimum, we must include in this category China, India, the Muslim world, and Africa, if indeed we accept the approximation of viewing the latter two as compact units.

There is this belief (a misguided idea) that all those other worlds [non-western ie Muslim world, Russia, Japan] are only being temporarily prevented (by wicked governments or by heavy crises or by their own barbarity and incomprehension) from taking the way of Western pluralistic democracy and from adopting the Western way of life. Countries are judged on the merit of their progress in this direction.

 It is a soothing theory which overlooks the fact that these worlds are not at all developing into similarity. Neither one can be transformed into the other without the use of violence. Besides, convergence inevitably means acceptance of the other side’s defects, too, and this is hardly desirable.

Problems with the Western World:

1 Lack of Courage:

But they (western intellectuals) get tongue-tied and paralyzed when they deal with powerful governments and threatening forces, with aggressors and international terrorists.

Should one point out that from ancient times declining courage has been considered the beginning of the end?

2 Well-Being (we are getting lazy because we have it so good)

3 Legalistic Life (we assume if its legal it must be moral – bad assumption)

4 The direction of Freedom toward evil:

 for example, misuse of liberty for moral violence against young people, such as motion pictures full of pornography, crime, and horror.

Strangely enough, though the best social conditions have been achieved in the West, there still is criminality and there even is considerably more of it than in the pauper and lawless Soviet society.

5 Misinformation by the Press (all media)

How many hasty, immature, superficial, and misleading judgments are expressed every day, confusing readers, without any verification. The press — The press can both simulate public opinion and miseducate it. Thus, we may see terrorists described as heroes, or secret matters  pertaining to one’s nation’s defense publicly revealed, or we may witness shameless intrusion on the privacy of well-known people under the slogan: “Everyone is entitled to know everything.” But this is a false slogan, characteristic of a false era. People also have the right not to know and it’s a much more valuable one. The right not to have their divine souls [stuffed with gossip, nonsense, vain talk.]

In the communist East a journalist is frankly appointed as a state official. But who has granted Western journalists their power, for how long a time, and with what prerogatives?

I wonder what he thinks of blogs…

6 Only Fashionable thinking is allowed.

…nothing is forbidden, but what is not fashionable will hardly ever find its way into periodicals or books or be heard in colleges.

7 Socialism

The well-known Soviet mathematician Shafarevich, a member of the Soviet Academy of Science, has written a brilliant book under the title Socialism; it is a profound analysis showing that socialism of any type and shade leads to a total destruction of the human spirit and to a leveling of mankind into death.

8 The USA is Not a Model

Through intense suffering our country has now achieved a spiritual development of such intensity that the Western system in its present state of spiritual exhaustion does not look attractive.

After the suffering of many years of violence and oppression, the human soul longs for things higher, warmer, and purer than those offered by today’s mass living habits, introduced by the revolting invasion of publicity, by TV stupor, and by intolerable music.

But the fight for our planet, physical and spiritual, a fight of cosmic proportions, is not a vague matter of the future; it has already started. The forces of Evil have begun their offensive; you can feel their pressure, and yet your screens and publications are full of prescribed smiles and raised glasses. What is the joy about?

9 Shortsightedness

However, the most cruel mistake occurred with the failure to understand the Vietnam war. Some people sincerely wanted all wars to stop just as soon as possible; others believed that there should be room for national, or communist, self-determination in Vietnam, or in Cambodia, as we see today with particular clarity. But members of the U.S. anti-war movement wound up being involved in the betrayal of Far Eastern nations, in a genocide and in the suffering today imposed on 30 million people there. Do those convinced pacifists hear the moans coming from there? Do they understand their responsibility today? Or do they prefer not to hear?

 a hundredfold Vietnam now looms over you.

 

But if a full-fledged America suffered a real defeat from a small communist half-country, how can the West hope to stand firm in the future?

In this case the shield would be China. But I would not wish such an outcome to any country in the world. First of all, it is again a doomed alliance with Evil; also, it would grant the United States a respite, but when at a later date China with its billion people would turn around armed with American weapons, America itself would fall prey to a genocide similar to the in Cambodia in our days.

10 Loss of Willpower

Western thinking has become conservative: the world situation should stay as it is at any cost; there should be no changes. This debilitating dream of a status quo is the symptom of a society which has come to the end of its development.

one must be blind in order not to see that oceans no longer belong to the West, while land under its domination keeps shrinking.

The two so-called world wars (they were by far not on a world scale, not yet)

The next war (which does not have to be an atomic one and I do not believe it will) may well bury Western civilization forever.

THE ROOT CAUSE OF THE FALL OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION IS HUMANISM

How did the West decline from its triumphal march to its present sickness?

This means that the mistake must be at the root, at the very basis of human thinking in the past centuries… It could also be called anthropocentricity, with man seen as the center of everything that exists.

Then, however, we turned our backs upon the Spirit and embraced all that is material with excessive and unwarranted zeal.

It based modern Western civilization on the dangerous trend to worship man and his material needs.

man’s sense of responsibility to God and society grew dimmer and dimmer.

All the glorified technological achievements of Progress, including the conquest of outer space, do not redeem the 20th century’s moral poverty which no one could imagine even as late as in the 19th Century.

Humanism and Socialism – an unexpected kinship

Karl Marx was able to say that “communism is naturalized humanism.”

Not by coincidence all of communism’s meaningless pledges and oaths are about Man, with a capital M, and his earthly happiness.

Liberalism was inevitably displaced by radicalism; radicalism had to surrender to socialism; and socialism could never resist communism.

In our Eastern countries, communism has suffered a complete ideological defeat; it is zero and less than zero. But Western intellectuals still look at it with interest and with empathy.

Humanism in the West

As long as we wake up every morning under a peaceful sun, we have to lead an everyday life. There is a disaster, however, which has already been under way for quite some time. I am referring to the calamity of a despiritualized and irreligious humanistic consciousness.

We have placed too much hope in political and social reforms, only to find out that we were being deprived of our most precious possession: our spiritual life.

In the East, it is destroyed by the dealings and machinations of the ruling party. In the West, commercial interests suffocate it. This is the real crisis.

The split in the world is less terrible [then the end of our spiritual life] – The split in the world [the cold war] is less terrible than the similarity of the disease plaguing its main sections.

TWO POSSIBLE OUTCOMES – The end of the world or spiritual awakening

If the world has not come to its end, it has approached a major turn in history, equal in importance to the turn from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It will exact from us a spiritual upsurge: We shall have to rise to a new height of vision, to a new level of life where our physical nature will not be cursed as in the Middle Ages, but, even more importantly, our spiritual being will not be trampled upon as in the Modern era.

This ascension will be similar to climbing onto the next anthropologic stage. No one on earth has any other way left but — upward.

 

 

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The first World Wide Web Page

I typed in the first http: web address ever – not expecting it to work – but it did!

Here it is:

http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html

It now takes you to a page that explains the beginnings of the World Wide Web in 1990. There is a 1992 replica of the content of the orginal web site here.

I found this by looking at the FAQ of the man who originally thought up the WWW, html, and http: (but not the internet) – Tim Berners-Lee.

 

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